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Archive for June, 2011

Fix a Slow Running Computer – How to Stop Your Computer freezing on you again

Just about every windows laptop or computer that runs sluggish can trace the issue back to 1 factor and that point could be the registry. This is the library or database for windows. Each time windows needs to operate a program or use any devices it looks at the registry to discover out how to try and do so.Once corruption or problems creep into the registry your personal computer will slow down, be sluggish to begin up and eventually if the issues usually are not fixed 1 day you will switch on the computer to a bank screen saying windows cannot commence since a file is missing or damaged and you need to fix a slow running computer to prevent this.Most registry problems aren’t even noticeable to you, but they sluggish down windows and should you think it’s taking longer to start off then there’s a difficulty and this really is why you have to fix a slow running computer.When you see warning messages reporting memory problems or registry problems don’t ignore them. It is only when the problems and corruption get quite serious you’ll see these messages reported and it’s time to fix them.This is what you’ll require to complete to fix your slow running computer.#1 Remove any programs you usually are not using. This means any old programs and especially totally free ones you get in magazines. Having too several programs installed on your pc not only takes up space but uses memory, even when they aren’t running and will cause a slow running computer or laptop#2 Defragment your hard drive with the windows disk defragmenter system. This takes all the plan files and puts them in order. This speeds up the laptop or computer and stops corruption occurring when system files are spread all over the difficult disk.#3 Operate a free of charge registry scan. This will report any windows file problems and registry errors, it will also uncover anything within the registry that ought to not be there and fix the difficulties at the click of a button.#4 Run a system scan and check for malware. You are able to do this with downloadable software which wil also examine for registry errors and corruption as well. Just click here to fix a slow running computer nowHere is the best resource to fix a lsow running computer just click here now
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The computer rentals industry is growing rapidly as more and more companies use this service to fulfill their temporary computer requirements. Although computer rentals are quite inexpensive, the prices could vary significantly depending on a number of factors. Here are some of the key factors that determine the price that you would have to pay for computer rentals.

Rental Period

Computer rentals usually cost less when you get into a contract for a longer period. A long term contract allows rental companies to save on the recurring expense of delivering the equipment, installing it, and bringing it back to their premises at the end of the rental period. Most companies are willing to pass on these savings to the customers if they go for longer plans.

Technical Specifications

Latest computer models with advanced specifications are more in demand as compared to older models. Thus, the price for such models is also higher. On the other hand, as not many people are willing to rent older models, and the rental companies earn nothing if that inventory stays at their warehouse, they are willing to rent these at lower prices.

Value of the Equipment

Rental pricing is also based on the original cost of the equipment when it was bought by the company from the market. Computers from some brands like Apple and Sony are significantly more expensive, and the rental company needs to recover this extra cost by increasing rental prices.

Competition

The level of competition in the area that the rental company operates in also plays an important role in rental prices. If the number of computer rental service providers in the market is high, rental prices are likely to be low. On the other hand, when there are only a few companies operating in the area, they can charge higher prices for their service.

Order Size

The number of computers that you order from the rental company can have a major impact on the price that the company would be willing to offer. If the order size is big, you can expect significant concessions and you are also likely to get preferential treatment when you need technical support.

All these factors will play a role in determining the price of computer rentals. But do not forget that there is always some room for negotiations to drive the price down, especially if your order size is large.

Were it not for a continuous flood of trained PC and network support personnel, business in Great Britain (and around the world) would surely run into problems. There is an on-going requirement for men and women with technical ability to support systems and users alike. With the increasingly complex nature of technology, greater numbers of IT professionals are needed to look after the smooth operation of functions we’ve come to rely on. Those that are drawn to this type of work are often very practical, and don’t really enjoy classrooms, and struggling through thick study-volumes. If you’re thinking this sounds like you, use multimedia, interactive learning, where you can learn everything on-screen. If we can utilise all of our senses into our learning, our results will often be quite spectacular. Fully interactive motion videos involving demonstration and virtual lab’s will beat books every time. And you’ll find them fun and interesting. It would be silly not to view some of the typical study materials provided before you sign on the dotted line. Always insist on instructor-led video demonstrations and interactive modules with audio-visual elements. It’s unwise to opt for on-line only training. With highly variable reliability and quality from your average broadband company, it makes sense to have physical media such as CD or DVD ROM’s. You should remember: the training itself or a certification isn’t what this is about; the job or career you’re training for is. Many trainers unfortunately place too much importance on just the training course. It’s quite usual, for example, to get a great deal of enjoyment from a year of study and then find yourself trapped for decades in a tiresome job role, entirely because you stumbled into it without some decent due-diligence at the outset. It’s a good idea to understand the exact expectations industry will have. Which exams you’ll need and how to gain experience. Spend some time thinking about how far you’d like to get as it may force you to choose a particular set of accreditations. As a precursor to beginning a training program, trainees are advised to talk through individual career requirements with an experienced industry advisor, in order to be sure the learning course covers all that is required. Potential Students hopeful to kick off a career in computers and technology normally have no idea of which path to follow, or even which market to build their qualifications around. How likely is it for us to understand the many facets of a particular career when we haven’t done that before? Often we have never met anyone who does that actual job anyway. Achieving an informed conclusion really only appears from a systematic examination of several changing key points: * Your personal interests and hobbies – often these show the areas will satisfy you.
* Are you driven to get certified because of a particular motive – i.e. are you pushing to work based from home (self-employment possibly?)? * Is the money you make further up on your list of priorities than other requirements. * There are many different sectors to gain certifications for in the IT industry – there’s a need to gain some background information on what sets them apart. * Having a cold, hard look at the level of commitment, time and effort that you can put aside. At the end of the day, the best way of understanding everything necessary is through an in-depth discussion with an advisor or professional that understands the market well enough to be able to guide you. Look at my site for intelligent information here: Networking Security Courses & Online Networking Training. Related Articles – computer, education, marketing, training, news, general, technology, self improvement, advice, web, work, software, hobbies, shopping, Email this Article to a Friend!Receive Articles like this one direct to your email box!Subscribe for free today!

Hardware is the physical aspect of a computer. While computer software exists in the form of ideas and concepts, computer hardware exists in substance. By definition, the different parts of a computer that can be touched constitute computer hardware. Computer hardware includes central processing unit, motherboard, microchips as well as computer peripherals like input-output and storage devices that are added to a host computer to enhance its abilities. Here is an overview of the different kinds of computer hardware.

Examples of Computer Hardware
Here is a list of some of the fundamental units of a computer that form the set of hardware components.

Bus: It is a subsystem that transfers data within and between computers. Computer bus provides a logical connection between the different computer peripherals. A parallel bus is capable of carrying multiple data works in parallel while a serial bus carries data in a bit-serial form. An internal bus connects the internal components of a computer to the motherboard while an external bus connects the external computer peripherals to the motherboard.
AGP: Short for Accelerated Graphic Port, AGP is a high-speed point-to-point channel that enables the attachment of a graphics card to the computers motherboard.
HyperTransport: It is a low-latency point-to-point link that uses high bandwidth and acts in a bi-directional manner. It facilitates power management.
PCI: The peripheral component interconnect standard refers to the computer bus connecting peripheral devices to a motherboard.
PCI Express: It is a computer expansion card interface format.
USB: Universal Serial Bus, as it is called, acts as an interface to a host computer. It enhances the plug-and-play capabilities of a computer. USB is a popular device used today.
QuickPath: Also known as the Common System Interface, QuickPath is a point-to-point processor interconnect that stands in close competition with HyperTransport.
Serial ATA: It is a computer bus that enables the transfer of data between mass storage devices and the motherboard.
Serial Attached SCSI: It enables the transfer of data from computer storage devices like hard drives and tape drives. It is a point-to-point serial protocol.
Central Processing Unit: It is a set of logic machines that can execute computer programs. The fundamental function of a CPU is to execute sequences of stored instructions known as programs. During its first step of operation, the processor retrieves instructions from the program memory. This step is known as the fetch step. In the decode step, the processor breaks up the instructions into parts after which it is executed. During the forth step of writeback, the CPU writes back the results of the processed instructions into memory.

Computer fan: It is attached to the CPU and is used to lower the temperature of a computer. There are several fans in the computer case, which help maintain a constant flow of air to the computer system.

Firmware: It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device. It is midway between hardware and software. Being a piece of computer program, it is similar to software, while being tightly bound to hardware makes it close to being a hardware component.

Motherboard: It is the central printed circuit board, abbreviated as PCB, which forms the complex electronic system of a computer. A motherboard provides the computer system with all the electrical connections, the basic circuitry and components required for its functioning.

Power Supply: This component is responsible for supplying power to the computer. It converts the AC power from the mains to low voltage DC power for the internal components of a computer. AT is one of the commonly used power supplies.

RAM: Short for random access memory, RAM is the physical memory of a computer. It is used to store the currently running programs and is attached to the motherboard.

Sound Card: It is a computer expansion card that enables the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer. Sound cards provide multimedia applications with the audio components.

Storage Controllers: They are located on the motherboard or on the expansion cards. Storage controllers include the controllers for the hard disk, CD-ROM and other drives.

Video Card: Video card that is also known as the graphics card is a hardware component, which generates and outputs the images to a display.

Media Devices
Devices such as CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray disks are some of the popular removable storage media that can store digital data. USB flash drives are the relatively recent storage media that have become a rage today. Tape drives and zip drives are less commonly used while the floppy disks are obsolete today. Hard disks and solid-state drives are used for internal storage. Here is a brief introduction to each of these storage media. Know all about the hard drives.

Blu-ray Disc: It is an optical disc storage media format. It obtains its name from the blue laser that is used to read and write this type of disc. Owing to its shorter wavelength, blu-ray discs can store large amounts of data. BD-ROM drive is used for reading data from a blu-ray disc and a BD writer can be used for both reading from and writing to a blu-ray disc.

Compact Disc: Popularly known as CDs, compact discs are storage devices for storing digital data. Standard CDs can store around 80 minutes of audio. CD-ROMs contain data that is accessible for reading and is not modifiable. CD-ROMs are used for distribution of computer software and multimedia applications. A CD Writer is an optical disc drive that uses laser radiation or electromagnetic waves for reading and writing data onto discs.

Digital Versatile Disc: Commonly known as a digital video disk and abbreviated as DVD, a digital versatile disk is an optical disc storage media. With physical dimensions similar to those of a compact disc, DVDs can store data as much as six times more than a CD. A DVD-ROM Drive is used for reading data from a DVD. A DVD Writer is used for reading and writing data to a DVD. DVD-RAM Drives allow data to be read and written rapidly from specific types of DVDs. HD DVD is a high-density optical disc format that succeeded DVD.

Disc Array Controller: It manages physical disc drives and brings them to the form of logical units. It provides a disk cache and implements hardware RAID.

Floppy Disc: It is a data storage media that is a disk of a thin magnetic storage medium covered by a plastic shell. With the advent of flash and optical storage devices, floppy discs have become obsolete.

Hard Disk: It is a non-volatile storage device that stores digital data on magnetic surfaces. It is used for medium-term storage of data.

Solid-state Drive: This storage device uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. It can replace the hard disk drive in many applications.

Tape Drive: This data storage device reads and writes data stored on a magnetic tape. Tape drives have storage capacities ranging from a few megabytes to multiple gigabytes. They are mainly used for archival storage of data.

USB Flash Drive: It is a small-sized removable and rewritable storage device with a storage capacity ranging from 64 MB to 64 GB. Due to their high storage capacity, durability and compact structure, they have gained immense popularity in the modern times. How does a flash drive work?

Zip Drive: Iomega came up with this medium-capacity storage media in 1994. It had a capacity of about 100 MB. Zip drives could never become standardized and were replaced by rewritable CDs.

Networking Hardware Components
Here is an overview of some of those pieces of hardware, which make it possible for a computer to be a part of a network. Enlighten yourself on computer networking.

Modem: This device is used for dial-up connections. It modulates analog carrier signals to encode digital information and demodulates it to decode the information transmitted.

Network Card: It is one of the most important pieces of hardware as it allows a computer to communicate with other computers over a network. It serves as a networking medium and provides the computers with a MAC address system. A network card is also known as a network adapter, a LAN card and better known as a NIC.

Router: Routers are not exactly pieces of hardware. Rather, they are devices that are used to join multiple wired or wireless computer networks. Know all about routers.

Computer Peripherals
Apart from the hardware components of a computer, there are many external devices that are equally important for the functioning of a computer. Keyboard, mouse and the visual display of a computer form its basic input and output devices. Joysticks, game controllers and other pointing devices are commonly used for the gaming applications on a computer. Headphones, speakers, microphones and webcams are popularly used for running multimedia applications on a computer. Let us look at some examples of these peripheral devices.

Game Controller: It is an input device that is used to control the operations of a video game. It is connected to video game consoles or personal computers. Gamepad, which is also known as a joypad or a control pad, is a game controller with digits and action buttons. Most of the video game consoles use gamepads as input devices.

Headphones: It consists of a pair of small loud speakers, which can be held close to the ears. They can be connected to an audio-frequency source such as an amplifier or a CD player. Know more about headphones.

Joystick: It is an input device that consists of a stick that is pivoted on a base and indicates its direction to the device it controls. Joysticks are popularly used in video games and mobile phones.

Keyboard: It is an input device, which derives its design from that of a typewriter. A keyboard consists of multiple keys laid out in a specific way. Each key acts as an electronic switch either producing a letter, number or symbol that is typed into a word processor or performing a certain computer operation.

Microphone: It is an acoustic-to-electric transducer that converts sound signals to electrical ones. Commonly, mikes consist of a membrane that vibrates in response to sound. The vibrations are translated to electrical signals. Know more about microphones.

Mouse: A computer mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion. The motion of a mouse translates into the motion of a pointer on the computer display, enabling the user to control a graphical user interface.

Printer: This peripheral device produces hard copies of electronic documents. It is attached to a computer by means of a peripheral cable or a USB cable. Printer is sometimes combined with a scanner that serves as a photocopier.

Scanner: It is a peripheral device that can scan images, handwriting or objects and convert them to digital images.

Speaker: Computer speakers are external audio devices that enable the computer users to listen to audio media. Multimedia speakers consist of an internal amplifier. It has a jack connecting it to the sound cards.

Trackball: It is a pointing device that comprises of a mouse along with a ball with sensors to sense rotational motion. Trackballs find utility in special-purpose workstations and video games.

Visual Display Unit: Popularly known as a monitor, it is an electrical device that displays images produced as a result of the video outputs of computers.

Webcam: A web camera is a small camera that is widely used with video conferencing and instant messaging services. Web cameras are digital cameras, which can upload images to a web server.

This was an introduction to the different kinds of hardware with some examples of computer hardware. You might want some tips on purchasing network hardware. With the advancement in computer technology, we can look forward to the creation of many more hardware components that translate technology to action!

A Little Bit of History

There are ways to secure your computer from virus attacks, spyware and stuffs but what are the most efficient and effective ways to do it? I believe, it very much relies on the users themselves rather than the sharing of information or the internet. The attitude and responsibility in using or viewing the information is important to keep your computer safe from attack.

However, no matter how careful you are, there are still possibilities that your computer will be attacked. Luckily, there are tools for you to assist you in making the right decision or even before you could make a decision.

Backup

I personally lost a lot of important files due to viruses a few years back but from there, I learnt. Maybe it is hard for those who are less familiar in IT to learn to backup things or to keep things safe, but that is the way it is. I have articles about ISO images for backup and restore your hard drive but I would rate it as an intermediate computer article. Thus, the easiest way is to copy them into CDs or DVDs and copy the files into an external drive.

Spyware and Malware

All this while, I have managed to remove any spyware and malware without any problems. The most common problem is always the pop up windows. A normal scan with most of the free tools out there such as Spybot and Lavasoft Adware would be able to remove them.

I have always talked about Windows Defender which I find it quite useful in the beginning. It was able to catch some spywares trying to install automatically previously. However, I did not receive any alert since I changed my own policy of managing user account. I will explain below.

Antivirus

Viruses are dangerous. My computer had been infected quite a lot of times. Fortunately, the last time I dealt with a virus was two years ago; my previous workplace computer. In the end, I won without the need to format the computer.

It was a virus made by an Indonesian guy where everytime I logged in to my computer, it will run Internet Explorer automatically and direct it to his website; which was not very nice to visit.

Even if I deleted my user account and created a new one, the virus was still there. In other words, it will affect every user accounts that were created from the machine. I proceeded with the easiest way, which is googling for information. I found ways from McAfee and Symantec which provided a tool to scan the hard drive. I ran the tool from another machine and scanned my computer through the network and finally, removed the virus.

McAfee VirusScan

I believe this is one of the best antivirus scanners out there. Whenever, it detected a suspicious file, it will prompt for action. Most of the time, it will delete the infected file, which is why I have said that some tools react before you can decide. Hence, you are not given the chance to run the infected file once detected by McAfee VirusScan.

Some corporate companies provide free antivirus tools for their staffs and I got mine free from my ex-company. Since I installed it, it has protected my computer well.

AVG is one of the best free antivirus out there. It is constantly updated and lots of people are recommending it.

McAfee SiteAdvisor

This is a freeware provided by McAfee for browsers, both Firefox and Internet Explorer. Extra functionalities such as email protection and protected mode are available at $19.99 and get discounts when purchase licenses for more computers.

The reason of having SiteAdvisor installed in browsers is to alert the users in order to identify which websites are safe to visit. There are three colors to indicate; green, yellow, and red.

Basically, green means that the websites contain downloads which are free of spyware, adware and other potentially unwanted programs. In addition, all the links from the website are safe to browse. Red indicates that the websites contain a lot of dangerous downloads and the links within are not safe to browse. Yellow sits between green and red.

SiteAdvisor works rather different for IE and Firefox. In Firefox, the SiteAdvisor indicator sits at the bottom of the browser and displays the color for the website that you are visiting. In IE, when you run a Google search, each of the links will be identified by SiteAdvisor.

It claims that the ratings are based on a series of automated safety tests of websites as well as feedbacks from the visitors. You can always click on the indicator to view details about the websites that you are visiting.

User Accounts

One of the example about the virus that I had dealt before was the infected user account. Imagine that your documents, pictures and desktops are full of important files and you have yet to backup them. Once infected, you are not able to retrieve your files because all the files are infected. You will count yourself lucky if you were able to clean the virus. However, in my case, I had to delete my user account.

As I always said, the files are not safe if saved in the folders provided in a user account. To secure your files, you can create a folder in the root directory and manage the security settings so that you are the one who has the access.

Most of the spyware and adware are installed automatically when you install software or visit a website. In order to prevent the automatic installation, we should never use an administrator account for our daily tasks. An administrator account has the ability to access and install anything in a computer. Thus, I always create a limited or restricted user account to do my daily tasks and browsing.

If you are using Windows Vista, there will always be a UAC that prompts for user account and password that has the abilities to install software or delete restricted files. However, in Windows XP, it will deny immediately. However, you can easily install software by right-click the installer file and choose Run As Administrator and you will get the similar UAC prompt as Windows Vista.

It may seem difficult or uncomfortable when you use limited user account but that will prevent your computer from being installed with unwanted software.

Verdict

To protect a computer is an easy task yet difficult to maintain. In my opinion, running a backup frequently and using a limited user account are enough to keep your PC clean. Even without antivirus software, your computer can still be virus free as long as you take precaution steps especially when you are accessing the World Wide Web.

Nevertheless, prevention is better than cure. Tools are there for us to use and to advise us to take appropriate action. The responsibilities fall back to us, the users. Conclusion? We must not blame the computer or the software tools, we blame ourselves.

Original Article

Early Vintage Computer Buses and Their Influence on the Computers Your Take for Granted Today

The term expansion bus is a frequent term in vintage computer terminology which requires elaboration. Much of the legacy of vintage bus systems are in our current computer systems today. To begin with the expansion bus is a data highway for computer data information to travel on: the bandwidth is in essence the number of lanes. The bigger the bandwidth the more data can be sent. As examples, an 8 megabyte bandwidth means that data can be sent in 8 bits chunks. Our current systems use between 32 bit and now 64 bit bandwidth. An expansion bus is where cards connect to the computer; Cards have an expansion edge, which fits snugly into the bus much like an electrical plug fits into a wall socket. When cards are plugged into the bus, they communicate with the system, sometimes through the BIOS and others not. (The BIOS is the basic input /output system that tells the computer how to move data from the different components.) The 8, 16 or 32 bit bandwidth is an important consideration due to communication time between the cards. For example you have a 16 bit vintage 286 PC and it is sending out data at 16 bits a: your video card is also 8 bits. If you have an older 8 bit bus, such as in early IBM PCs and clones, the bus will become a bottleneck in the system; it is like having a 4 lane highway connected to another 4 lane highway by way of a 1 lane road. At most times regardless of the faster 4 lane highway traffic will be slow limited by the single lane connection road. There were basically 3 types of expansion bus available in vintage computers: ISA, MCA, EISA systems. Each early development in major ways paved the way for the later systems which indeed we take for granted today. This was both in terms of hardware and basic concepts in our computer systems and technology as well as computer marketing that we take for granted today as simple basic facts of life without any consideration due. Basically the newer buses offered increased performance over the older technology buses. The basic explanations of the buses are as follows: The 3 bus standards to note were Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) .Micro Channel Channel Architecture (MSA) and Extended Industry Standard (EISA) bus systems. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA). This was the original AT bus also called an ISA bus. It was the original 8 bit IBM PC bus which was bumped up to 16 bits at some point in its later development. Fine for a 16 bit 286 or very early 386 computers Micro Channel Architecture (MSA). This was an early 32 bit bus system which was not received well but set the stage for an industry consortium of the major non IBM computer manufacturers ( at the time referred to as The Group of Nine) to develop the EISA standard bus.
Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA). The EISA bus standard was a standard of its own right which was 32 bit, included bus mastering and importantly remained compatible with previous older expansion cards. 32 bit systems were first to incorporate in later 386 systems. The 486 line solidified and standardized the 32 bit systems in the established software of the day. Backward compatibility at the time was a novel new concept which has remained an important consideration in the computer industry. EISA slots would accommodate both the ISA and EISA expansion slots to allow hardware upgrades, However the EISA expansion boards would be of little advantage and would seldom work in the older ISA expansion slots. On the other hand the Micro Channel setup was not backward compatible. On the one hand the Micro Channel developers were free to initiate new radical changes in computer development and hardware which would have allowed for major new useful features in computer software. However owners of previous systems would have been left with then obsolete vintage useless hardware which would have been of no use and certainly little financial value. Hence there was a lot of resistance to the Micro Channel bus setup. It died a lingering death with its legacy living on in the aspirations of features offered in future developments and standards. Thus the die was set for future hardware standards and software function as well as standard computer marketing concepts that we take for granted like mothers milk today. Related Articles – Vintage, Computer, Computers, Technology, Bus, Buses, IBM, PC, Clone, 286, 386, 486, Compaq, HP, Dell, Apple, Zenith, Commodore, Ata, Email this Article to a Friend!Receive Articles like this one direct to your email box!Subscribe for free today!

Download the Digital King James Bible to your Computer! King James in the Bible.

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A computer is one of the most brilliant inventions of mankind. Thanks to the computer technology, we were able to achieve an efficient storage and processing of data; we could rest our brains by employing computer memory capacities for storage of the information. Owing to computers, we have been able speed up daily work, carry out critical transactions and achieve accuracy and precision in work output. The computers of the earlier years were of the size of a large room and were required to consume huge amounts of electric power. However, with the advancing technology, computers have shrunk to the size of a small watch. Depending on the processing powers and sizes of computers, they have been classified under various types. Let us look at the classification of computers.

Different types of Computers

Based on the operational principle of computers, they are categorized as analog computers and hybrid computers.

Analog Computers: These are almost extinct today. These are different from a digital computer because an analog computer can perform several mathematical operations simultaneously. It uses continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilizes mechanical or electrical energy.

Hybrid Computers: These computers are a combination of both digital and analog computers. In this type of computers, the digital segments perform process control by conversion of analog signals to digital ones.

Following are some of the other important types of computers.

Mainframe Computers: Large organizations use mainframes for highly critical applications such as bulk data processing and ERP. Most of the mainframe computers have the capacities to host multiple operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines and can thus substitute for several small servers.

Microcomputers: A computer with a microprocessor and its central processing unit is known as a microcomputer. They do not occupy space as much as mainframes. When supplemented with a keyboard and a mouse, microcomputers can be called as personal computers. A monitor, a keyboard and other similar input output devices, computer memory in the form of RAM and a power supply unit come packaged in a microcomputer. These computers can fit on desks or tables and serve as the best choices for single-user tasks.

Personal computers come in a variety of forms such as desktops, laptops and personal digital assistants. Let us look at each of these types of computers.

Desktops: A desktop is intended to be used on a single location. The spare parts of a desktop computer are readily available at relative lower costs. Power consumption is not as critical as that in laptops. Desktops are widely popular for daily use in workplaces and households.

Laptops: Similar in operation to desktops, laptop computers are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use. Laptops run on a single battery or an external adapter that charges the computer batteries. They are enabled with an inbuilt keyboard, touch pad acting as a mouse and a liquid crystal display. Its portability and capacity to operate on battery power have served as a boon for mobile users.

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs): It is a handheld computer and popularly known as a palmtop. It has a touch screen and a memory card for storage of data. PDAs can also be effectively used as portable audio players, web browsers and smart phones. Most of them can access the Internet by means of Bluetooth or Wi-Fi communication.

Minicomputers: In terms of size and processing capacity, minicomputers lie in between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers are also called mid-range systems or workstations. The term began to be popularly used in the 1960s to refer to relatively smaller third generation computers. They took up the space that would be needed for a refrigerator or two and used transistor and core memory technologies. The 12-bit PDP-8 minicomputer of the Digital Equipment Corporation was the first successful minicomputer.

Supercomputers: The highly calculation-intensive tasks can be effectively performed by means of supercomputers. Quantum physics, mechanics, weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied by means of supercomputers. Their ability of parallel processing and their well-designed memory hierarchy give the supercomputers, large transaction processing powers.
Wearable Computers: A record-setting step in the evolution of computers was the creation of wearable computers. These computers can be worn on the body and are often used in the study of behavior modeling and human health. Military and health professionals have incorporated wearable computers into their daily routine, as a part of such studies. When the users hands and sensory organs are engaged in other activities, wearable computers are of great help in tracking human actions. Wearable computers are consistently in operation as they do not have to be turned on and off and are constantly interacting with the user.

These were some of the different types of computers available today. Looking at the rate of the advancement in technology, we can definitely look forward to many more types of computers in the near future.

Computer Virus is a kind of malicious software written intentionally to enter a computer without the users permission or knowledge, with an ability to replicate itself, thus continuing to spread. Some viruses do little but replicate others can cause severe harm or adversely effect program and performance of the system. A virus should never be assumed harmless and left on a system. Most common types of viruses are mentioned below:

Resident Viruses
This type of virus is a permanent which dwells in the RAM memory. From there it can overcome and interrupt all of the operations executed by the system: corrupting files and programs that are opened, closed, copied, renamed etc.

Examples include: Randex, CMJ, Meve, and MrKlunky.

Direct Action Viruses
The main purpose of this virus is to replicate and take action when it is executed. When a specific condition is met, the virus will go into action and infect files in the directory or folder that it is in and in directories that are specified in the AUTOEXEC.BAT file PATH. This batch file is always located in the root directory of the hard disk and carries out certain operations when the computer is booted.

Overwrite Viruses
Virus of this kind is characterized by the fact that it deletes the information contained in the files that it infects, rendering them partially or totally useless once they have been infected.

The only way to clean a file infected by an overwrite virus is to delete the file completely, thus losing the original content.

Examples of this virus include: Way, Trj.Reboot, Trivial.88.D.

Boot Virus
This type of virus affects the boot sector of a floppy or hard disk. This is a crucial part of a disk, in which information on the disk itself is stored together with a program that makes it possible to boot (start) the computer from the disk.

The best way of avoiding boot viruses is to ensure that floppy disks are write-protected and never start your computer with an unknown floppy disk in the disk drive.

Examples of boot viruses include: Polyboot.B, AntiEXE.

Macro Virus
Macro viruses infect files that are created using certain applications or programs that contain macros. These mini-programs make it possible to automate series of operations so that they are performed as a single action, thereby saving the user from having to carry them out one by one.

Examples of macro viruses: Relax, Melissa.A, Bablas, O97M/Y2K.

Directory Virus
Directory viruses change the paths that indicate the location of a file. By executing a program (file with the extension .EXE or .COM) which has been infected by a virus, you are unknowingly running the virus program, while the original file and program have been previously moved by the virus.

Once infected it becomes impossible to locate the original files.

Polymorphic Virus
Polymorphic viruses encrypt or encode themselves in a different way (using different algorithms and encryption keys) every time they infect a system.

This makes it impossible for anti-viruses to find them using string or signature searches (because they are different in each encryption) and also enables them to create a large number of copies of themselves.

Examples include: Elkern, Marburg, Satan Bug, and Tuareg.

File Infectors
This type of virus infects programs or executable files (files with an .EXE or .COM extension). When one of these programs is run, directly or indirectly, the virus is activated, producing the damaging effects it is programmed to carry out. The majority of existing viruses belong to this category, and can be classified depending on the actions that they carry out.

Companion Viruses
Companion viruses can be considered file infector viruses like resident or direct action types. They are known as companion viruses because once they get into the system they “accompany” the other files that already exist. In other words, in order to carry out their infection routines, companion viruses can wait in memory until a program is run (resident viruses) or act immediately by making copies of themselves (direct action viruses).

Some examples include: Stator, Asimov.1539, and Terrax.1069

FAT Virus
The file allocation table or FAT is the part of a disk used to connect information and is a vital part of the normal functioning of the computer.
This type of virus attack can be especially dangerous, by preventing access to certain sections of the disk where important files are stored. Damage caused can result in information losses from individual files or even entire directories.

Worms
A worm is a program very similar to a virus; it has the ability to self-replicate, and can lead to negative effects on your system and most importantly they are detected and eliminated by antiviruses.

Examples of worms include: PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.

Trojans or Trojan Horses
Another unsavory breed of malicious code are Trojans or Trojan horses, which unlike viruses do not reproduce by infecting other files, nor do they self-replicate like worms.

Logic Bombs
They are not considered viruses because they do not replicate. They are not even programs in their own right but rather camouflaged segments of other programs.

Their objective is to destroy data on the computer once certain conditions have been met. Logic bombs go undetected until launched, and the results can be destructive.

Computer games can be categorized mainly into PC games that are played in your computer after installation using the CDs that contain the software, downloadable pc games, and the online games. Many websites provide you with the downloadable version of the PC games.

Category based on permission to use

The games can be categorized based on licenses. Some of the games are free and they can be downloaded on the internet free. Some pc games are free downloadable games but are shareware. Shareware games have limitations in the features. Some of the shareware can be used for only 30 days time and some are limited by the number of times that software is used. Trial versions of the software are also available which are time limited or feature limited.

Online Games

Online games are those that are played online. The user who is playing the online games should have an internet connection in his PC. You should be aware that your internet bill is on the rise during the time you play the online games. Yahoo games are one among the popular online games. Many websites provide you online games. Some of the sites require you to become a member to play these online games. Some charge you on per game basis for playing.

PC Games

PC Games are those that require an installation through a CD to play the pc games. Some of the games even require the CD to be present in the CD drive to play the game. These software CDs are to be purchased by the user. There are many pc games available like Tomb Raider that requires you to purchase the CD. Most of the games that contain Car races and Motorbike races require the software to be installed through the CD bought by you.

Downloadable PC Games

These games can be downloaded from the internet and can be installed in your computer. Most of the free game downloads are small enough to be downloaded from the internet. There websites like www.download.com that can be searched for free game downloads. A good search engine would give you thousands of links to free downloadable games.

What you need in your PC to play these games?

Most of the games can be played without any additional hardware. If you are having the latest configuration of the PC, which has the software pre-installed in your computer, then you might not need any additional software to be installed. Some of the online games require you to install plug-ins to run the online games. Plug-in is additional software that is required to run an application in your computer. You will be provided appropriate links to download the plug-ins required by your browser or your computer. You need to check the system requirements for the computer games that is downloaded or installed in your system and install them before you start playing the game.

For more information, visit http://www.ComputerGamesInfo.com