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Archive for January, 2011

Computers have evolved from the fundamental principles of mathematical calculation and language processing. The computing systems of today are an outcome of the efforts and intellect of mathematicians, logicians, linguists and technologists from all over the world. Computer history comprises of the evolutionary journey of computing systems, the timeline of operating systems as well as the history behind the development of a wide variety of computer software and hardware. Before moving towards the elaborate history of computers, you can read about the computer history in brief and the evolution of computers.

How did the different types of computers evolve over time? Here is a brief overview of the progress of computing technology from calculators of the 18th century right up to the modern-day digital portable computers.

Year
Technology Used
Before 1801
Calculators were the earliest computing devices. They were the only computation tools for long years before the creation of computers.
1801
The years that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users used to submit programming assignments to a computer center using stacks of cards. The programs used to be queued for processing and execution.
1930 – 1960
Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s. During the 1950s and the 60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. Analog computational technologies predominated this period.
1940 – 1960
This span of time witnessed the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were some of the early digital computers.
First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture.
The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards.

After 1960
These years witnessed the development of the third generation computers. They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had large storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today. Computer development still continues.

Let us now look at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before moving ahead, it will be interesting to know when was the first computer made!

Year
Event
2400 BC
Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major step towards the era of computing that was to follow.
500 BC
Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the predecessor of the modern formal language theory.
300 BC
Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the foundation of computing systems the world over.
1614
John Napier designed the system of moveable rods, which used algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations.
1622
William Oughtred invented slide rules.
1822
Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer.
1937
John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer
1939
Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype.
1941
The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important step in the evolution of computers.
1943
Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at Bletchley Park in Britain.
1944
Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed.
1945
John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today.
1946
The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an inflexible architecture.
1950
The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic.
1951
Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced.
1955
Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient.
1958
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
1968
DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8
1969
The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet.
1971
Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004.
1972
This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel.
1973
A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers.
1974
Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network.
1975
Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship between portability and computing was laid way back in 1975! Tandem computers, the first computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this period.
1979
By 1979, more that half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983.
1981
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard.
1982
Intel announced the 80286 processor.
1983
In this year, the Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title machine of the year.
1985
Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor.
1990
The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public.
Till date
The development of newer versions of computer systems continues.

An operating system is that software component of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operating systems. Before going ahead, you might like to take a quick look at the different types of operating systems.

Year
Event
1954
MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103.
1964
Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed.
1965
Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969.
1966
DOS/360 of IBM came up.
1969
This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT&T.
1976
CP/M was developed during this year.
1980
OS-9 came up in 1980.
1981
This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system in 1980. They used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS.
1984
Macintosh operating system came up in this year.
1987
It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed.
1988
RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year.
1989
This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed.
1991
It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1.5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7.
1992
Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4.X came up during this year.
1993
Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3.1 came up during 1993.
1995
OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995
1996
Windows NT 4.0 hit the computing market in 1996.
1998
1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7.
2000
Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the NT suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red Hat Linux 6.2E also came up during 2000.
2001
Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002.
2002
Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002.
2003
2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.
2004
Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004.
2006
Windows Vista hit the markets
2008
Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released.

Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Thus, it is important to look at the timeline of the development of some of the major programming languages. Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages.

Year
Programming Language Developed
Before 1950
The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing
1954-54
Fortran “0″ was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957.
1956-58
John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP.
1959
COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISPs successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984.
1964
IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz.
1969
Ken Thompson developed the B language.
1970
This was when Pascal was developed.
1972
It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972.
1975
Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal.
1978
SQL was developed at IBM in 1978.
1979
REXX and AWK came up in 1979.
1980-83
C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date.
1985
PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985.
1987
Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987.
1991
Van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year.
1993
Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993.
1994
PHP was born in 1994.
1995
ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java.
1996
Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997.
1999
XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999.
2000
The D language and C# came up in 2000.
2006
The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the significant events in computing that took place in 2006.

Looking at the speedily advancing computing technology, we can surely say that the future of computers shall be as glorious as their history.

First things firstOn a daily basis I receive emails from friends and family and it seems that many people need computer help now a days. The most common mistake is to wait until it is a lost cause and then you have to spend more money than you want to fix what seems to be an easy problem. If you ever have fallen into that with your computer, well… I just joined you recently as my computer crashed and I lost all the data I had collected and built up for years. If not, I hope you have planned for it and you can skip this article.Over night, just like that my whole world and computer came crashing down. Pictures, music, documents… emails and contacts – all gone! Now is when I tell you the bad news, there is no miracle I can share with you that I have found to make your computer immune to this happening. However if you want to know how to prevent this from being a catastrophe I can help. I had been using the same computer for 2 years and had amassed a large iTunes library, my contacts were stored in Outlook with all my emails, lastly I had created a library of photos over the course from scanning images and including shot I took as well. Although I can say my hard drive was not completely full I was extremely upset when I lost everything.If you are like me you use your computer every day, checking emails and news in the morning, sharing pictures with family and friends online, chatting online and listening to music, the list goes on. The days of a PC being a “want” item and not a “need” item are… well lets face facts they are long gone. Today everyone has a computer, a ratio of say 4 laptops for every 1 laptop is owned, and we use them all the time to stay in touch with everyone around the globe and perform tasks for school, work, and leisure. My car is very similar, I use it every single day. So naturally I perform routine check-ups every so often to make sure it runs right. So they are incredibly similar.–Wait what, routine maintenance? On my computer? Why would I need to do that, it does everything itself? These, along with “It will not die on me” were exactly my thoughts. Lets face facts, it has mechanical and electrical parts, something is bound to go wrong.Like many of you, I got the oil changed in my car every 3 months, purchased new brake pads(and let someone else install them) when needed, and generally kept it clean and washed it. I was protecting my investment, I did not want to have to buy another car unless I had to. My computer… maintenance? Not so much.When computers are operating, they are amazing. They show us the news, view our pictures, they do what we want and don’t give any back talk… often. However, when they crash, they are your worst enemy, and usually too costly to repair especially if its a virus. Do not join me and everyone else in the latter of this statement when it can all be prevented up front. A computer is an investment, you bought something and you wish to keep it as long as possible so make sure you protect it.Sadly, computers are forever going to be mass-produced, and some parts are still man-made. When deciding between one brand of computer or the other, try to keep in mind Gateway/HP/Dell, they do not make the internal parts they make the cover. There are some unique companies to this and we will touch on that later, what you need to know right now is a computer is a computer – just like water is water(some water is more expensive because its fancy… don’t ask me).Now, the vast majority of you obviously know how to navigate to a web page and type on a keyboard. Yes there will be participation required when following along with the lessons. As great as computers are, they won’t fix themselves. If there was a magical program you could download to help your computer no matter what situation was thrown at it, well the person that wrote it would be incredibly rich and I would not have to write this at all. However, here we stand.So, grab something to drink, and lets get started!ProtectionThe first step to keeping your computer functional is simple: go out to your favorite retailer and purchase a simple battery backup($45), these devices are great to prevent lightning and more importantly power surges from hurting your computers power supply and other hardware. The power supply is where the wall plugs into your computer, a battery backup goes between the two and simply regulates the power that is being fed to your computer. First it stores the power into a high powered battery, then sends it to your computer. So the small power surges(like when your lights dim as the AC/Heater kicks on) are not directly going to your computer but rather being filtered out by the battery backup and it can streamline the power on its way to your PC. Simple enough right?DataI can not stress this enough, while at the retailer ask how much a data backup would be, then ask how much a data retrieval could be at maximum price point – you’ll get the picture. The amount of money you spend on an external hard drive is small in comparison($79 for a 250GB). Computers now a days will have at least a 160GB HD but it is likely you would never fill it to maximum capacity. To protect yourself from losing all your pictures, music and documents you need some sort of a medium. This is where CD’s, DVD’s, flash drives, and external hard drives come in. The first 3 I use also, but CD’s and DVD’s can be scratched, and flash drives lost as they are small. Once you have your external hard drive at home you can now copy all the data on your computer to it and have a backup from that specific date. Sounds good and easy right? Always does.The easiest way to do this is navigate to your Documents folder and copy it to your external hard drive. In Windows XP this will include your Music and Pictures both, in Vista you will have to select the Music and Pictures folders separately. Although you now have a backup from the date you performed it on many find that they do not backup often enough and need an easier way. Luckily there are free programs out there to do so, and some hard drives actually come with them. We will go over the free ones later and also the ones that come with the most popular drives – Seagate and Western Digital. For now all you need to know is that it is much cheaper to buy an external hard drive than it would ever be to recover data from a hard drive that is mechanically faulty.Some have asked, well can’t an external hard drive die also? To those I say, great question, and yes. Another way to backup your data would be through the internet. It is safe, secure, and accessible on the run. Most companies that offer this store 3 copies of your data on different servers located around the United States(usually).CleanupHow often do you let your car fill with clutter and never clean it, how about your kitchen? Hopefully never. Cleaning your computer up is one if the same, it will not clean itself up nor does it know how to. This will keep it running smooth just like the first day you got it – minus the junk software that is loaded when you originally purchased it – which is quite annoying. Going through the programs you have installed over time I am sure you will find something you never use anymore so uninstall them. Also, do you remember those webpages you visited last week, 6 months ago, 2 years ago? No? Well guess what, your computer does. Until you tell it to forget, it will store them on your computer for the small fact that the webpage loads faster next time you go to it. Cleaning up all your temporary files and junk will save space on your computer and speed up the operation of your internet browser. This is usually found within the options menu in Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, or Google Chrome.Another way that computers start to run slower, and I would place money saying that your computer is running slower than when you first bought it, is never being defragged. Ever heard of people defragging their computer? This can be looked at as organizing your closet. If everything is thrown all over the place it takes you a while to find something to wear. If it is neatly organized you can quickly grab what you want and be on your way. The computers hard drive is the same, it puts data into a location and adds to it, adds to it, etc. Well say you deleted the data in the first spot, then your PC will refill it with new data. If this goes on for an extended period of time you can see how all the data is thrown around and takes longer to access. Defragging is simply an organizer.Now, before I confuse you even more by throwing out terms that many of you may not have heard yet, lets emphasize that I will explain things more in depth on computer help for beginners. Each topic will cover parts of the computer you may not be familiar with, but we will go slow. Take it from me, it is more gratifying to do it yourself and much cheaper to, also you will learn more about your computer. As my hands are tired lets finish with that. Thanks for visiting my Computer Help site I hope you enjoy the content to come.

I was reading Rachel Carsons Silent Spring
I realized that it is not only pesticides and insenticides that are
hazardous to health, computers themselves are housing some of the most
dangerous chemicals on earth. Heres a few of them and their effects on
mankind.

Lead
Lead is one of the few natural
substances that has no use in the human body. At even very low levels,
Lead has been shown to cause health problems. The difficulty with Lead
is that once it is mined from the earth, there is no known way to
destroy or make it harmless.

Lead can damages the central and
peripheral nervous systems, blood system and kidneys in humans. Lead
accumulates in the environment and has effects on plants, animals and
microorganisms.

Consumer electronics constitute 40% of lead
found in landfills and scrapyards. An average computer uses 4 pounds of
Lead, i.e., 6.2% of the total weight of the PC. The recyclable
efficiency of Lead is a low 5%.
The two main uses of Lead in Consumer Electronics are for soldering of PCBs and other electronic components. And Glass panels in computer monitors (cathode ray tubes)

Between
1997 and 2004, over 315 million computers will become obsolete is the
USA. This adds up to about 1.2 billion pounds of lead!

Cadmium
Cadmium
is an extremely toxic metal with a possible risk of irreversible
effects on human health. Cadmium and cadmium compounds accumulate in
the human body, in particular in kidneys. Cadmium is absorbed mainly
through respiration but also enters as food. Due to the long half-life
(30 years), cadmium can easily be accumulated in amounts that cause
symptoms of poisoning. Cadmium shows a danger of cumulative effects in
the environment due to its acute and chronic toxicity.

In electrical and electronic equipment, cadmium occurs in certain components such as SMD,
chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors. Older types of
cathode ray tubes contain cadmium. Furthermore, cadmium is used as a
plastic stabilizer. It is also used in Batteries, PWBs, etc.

Between
1997 to 2004 over 315 million computers will become obsolete and this
represents almost 2 million pounds of cadmium content.

Mercury
Mercury
is a powerful poison. Published research has shown that mercury, even
in small amounts, is more toxic than lead, cadmium and even arsenic! It
is estimated that 22 % of the yearly world consumption of mercury is
used in electrical and electronic equipment. It is used in mobile
phones, Batteries, PWBs.
Although mercury is just 0.0022% of the total weight of the computer,
it is still a health hazard, 315 million obsolete computers by the year
2004 represent more than 400,000 pounds of mercury in total.

Other hazardous metals used in electronics are: Arsenic (0.0013%), Barium (0.0315%), Selenium (0.0016%), Silver (0.0189%).

I
dont know if anyone will change their lifestyle and turn to the stone
age after reading this and so many other health articles, but still, I
thought one should be aware of the environmental and health hazards of
computers.

Although computer game addiction does not appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) excessive and unhealthy video game habits is something that has received increased attention in the past several years.

There is a movement underway to have online gaming addiction / computer addiction listed in future editions of the DSM, but for now it is not an official diagnosis. Still, it is difficult to deny that some people (whether they are children, teens, or adults) play video games far too much and that it can negatively impact their functioning and success away from the glare of the monitor.

Of course, not everyone becomes addicted to computer games. Online games are enjoyed by millions of people around the world as a way to relax, interact with friends, and for simple entertainment purposes.

However, it is becoming clear that there are those who lose control of their gaming habits. For these individuals, computer games (especially online multiplayer games) take center stage in their lives. Work performance may suffer due to extended late night gaming sessions. School grades may drop as a consequence of giving more attention to computer games than studying. Relationships may deteriorate as one partner feels neglected and less important that his or her partners latest game obsession.

For individuals whose computer game habits have crossed over from a hobby into an addiction, there are multiple life areas that can be negatively affected. Of course, not everyone who plays computer games excessively will experience identical negative impacts. Nevertheless, the following list outlines the six main areas that are often affected by computer game addiction.

1. Psychological and Emotional

People addicted to computer games may have a higher risk of experiencing self-esteem problems, depressed mood, social anxiety, and mood instability. When negative consequences of the addiction can no longer be denied, they may also feel guilty and ashamed for not being able to control their habits. Of note, computer game addiction can not only *be* caused by other issues (for example, depression), but may also *cause* other difficulties (again, depression is just one example).

2. Health

Those who spend many hours playing computer games each day (sometimes totaling more than 40 or 50 hours per week) may neglect personal hygiene and health. They may give up healthy physical activities they once enjoyed, develop erratic sleeping habits, and choose meals based on convenience (ideally those that can be eaten while playing) rather than nutritional value.

3. Family

Family relationships can be negatively impacted by computer game addiction. Family members (for example, parents, partners, or spouses) may tolerate excessive gaming habits for a while, but eventually they will demand that the person decreases how much he or she plays. A person who is addicted to computer games may deny that it is a problem, accuse the concerned family member of intruding on his or her life, and see the person as overreacting. Parents with children who are addicted to computer games may experience frequent arguments about how to address the problem.

4. Financial

Gaming can be a very expensive hobby even for non-addicted players. Thousands of dollars can very easily be spent on new games, expansion packs, micro-transactions, online subscriptions, new consoles, and of course upgraded computer equipment. On rare occasions, someone addicted to computer games may lose his or her job due to poor performance at work (for example, showing up late, missing work, playing or reading about the game at work, etc.).

5. Academic

Computer game addiction and academic success are not compatible. Children and adolescents who are addicted to video games will spend more time with online games than studying or completing homework. They may quickly finish homework with minimal effort so that gaming can begin.

6. Social

The more time a person spends playing computer games, the less time there is for the important people in his or her life. Face-to-face human contact is increasingly sacrificed in favor of the game. As a consequence, the person may experience social isolation, lost friendships, and loneliness.

Computer forensics professionals are increasingly in demand. Computer crimes have increased dramatically over the past decade and have become one of the most targeted ways to commit crime. Tens of millions of dollars are lost each year from information stolen from a computer. This has lead to growth in the field of the forensic study of computersTo get a career in the field of forensic study of computers, you typically need a Bachelor’s degree in computer forensics or related degree such as computer engineering or information systems security with additional training. Master’s degrees, Ph.D.s, and certificate programs are also available for this field.Forensic computer investigators need a broad range of technical skills and knowledge including computer software, network security, protocols, routing, computer file formats, cryptology, reverse software engineering, diagnostic techniques, and password cracking. In addition to technical skills, experts in the forensic study of computers must have good oral and written communication skills, work under tight deadlines, be detail oriented, and understand and comply with investigation procedures. Professionals in this field have to write detailed reports and may provide testimony in court in criminal cases.Aspiring computer forensics professionals may specialize in a particular area. For example, if a person specializes in financial crimes, additional coursework in finance and accounting may be required. Some employers are willing to accept industry related experience and equivalent knowledge in place of a forensic study degree.Aspiring computer forensics professionals can obtain a lot of good information about available jobs on a career website such as indeed.com. By having the stated skills and qualifications employers are looking for, you can be much better prepared to start a career in this field.

Computer Forensic Services-Helps to find the computer or cyber crime

Computer forensics and investigations The belief of computer forensics and studies leads to an growing demand of profession in computer forensics. Generally, computer forensics is the method of analysis of computer systems by means of the collection and assessment of computer related data and information to be able to find out any unofficial or prohibited participation of these facts in fake activities and other crimes. This is really a new field and is used by business intelligence agencies, martial and law enforcement. The protocols in computer evidence handling are strictly observed as it goes through the course, as all findings must be declared in the court; as the word forensics itself signify to exhibit into the court. number of the computer forensic devices include data such as DNA test or finger prints and computer files on the computer hardware. Computer forensic servicesMany computer forensic services are here to help us in our troubles such as computer or cyber crimes. The experts offer us analysis and all the spectators for civil and criminal litigation, also internal corporate investigations and private concerns. Here something which is most essential is the skill. The forensic professionalsproviding you the services are highly qualified and seasoned professionals. They provide a careful attention to your case and with the accurate acquisition and reporting procedure; they ensure you with the consistent proof and will hold out the strongest inspection.
The computer forensics software performs their legal duties regarding digital discovery of the documents. The help of computer forensic is utilized by the foreign courts for the purpose of obtaining forensic view about the electronic evidence. These computer forensics authorities utilize various devices for reason of confirmation of the documents, attaining, indentifying, restoring them and analyzing the electronic documents for offering them before courts. So we can completely relay on these authorities and can get the way out for our computer forensics crimes and other. Related Articles – computer forensics and investigations, computer forensic tools, computer forensic services, computer forensics software, Email this Article to a Friend!Receive Articles like this one direct to your email box!Subscribe for free today!

Today we shall talk about computer forensics and including the overall concept of computer forensics. What is a digital trail? What is process and restrictions exist as well as defining the needs of a computer forensic investigator.Basic idea of computer forensic is to investigate computer equipment and any associated component determine if it has been used or what is level of crime or any type of unauthorized computer activity accrue.Now the reason we define the difference between crime and unauthorized activity a crime constitute violate a federal or other law which is established by any organization. This going to take place across the border, if it is a public computer or any part of an organization.Unauthorized activities are usually the activities which are restricted by policy in corporate or work place environment. Forensic investigator play role for these type of investigation even it is a criminal activity or any activity which sabotage the corporate policy.Computer forensics based on 5 basic investigation procedures which are1. Preservation2. Acquisition3. Analysis4. Discovery5. Documentation and presentation of evidence.Evidence must be collected with accordance, proper method and accepted forensic techniques otherwise they will be not accepted or useful for any crime investigation.First of all we shall talk about preservation, this process is very critical and you have to be very careful about this because a little mistake or carelessness can destroy or eliminate your evidence. This evidence is normally based on digital trails and digital finger prints.Second phase is acquisition process. This process is after preservation and this is the process about how to gain your evidences from digital crime scene. It is based on high-end techniques and tool based. And only performed by a certified forensic expert.Next phase is analysis and discovery. Here we analysis all evidences and isolate non relative or relative evidences and break down them into proper evidences which is relevant to the crime. Now we have to documentation and make able to present them as proper evidence. This phase is especially for litigation purposes and this will be served to proof the crime.Here we have some legally binding situations for evidences. Evidences must be handles a proper legal way and acceptable standards and for this purpose the computer forensic personnel must be specially trained in analysis techniques and also have a great knowledge of computer hardware and software.Because when evidences are for litigation, federal law agencies have their own standards of evidences so the evidences must be collect in these manners. Collecting and handling must be through proper chain of custody and you must know the standards of the agency where you have to present evidences. As a computer forensics investigator the personnel must be expert in documentation, analysis, acquisition and preservation. Without a proper documentation and presentation you can get your goals.

Backing up files means to make spare copies of the files which will be stored separately from the originals. Nowadays computers have a tendency to crash or restart due to hard disk failure. Even though this may not happen regularly there are still chances of it happening. Even with the best security, our computers may become vulnerable and fall prey to viruses or malfunctions which can erase memory and infect other major hard drive systems.

Special software is designed for computer file backup are used to protect your information from disc failures, accidental deletion and computer crashes. Initially floppy disks were used to backup files. Floppy disks are now obsolete and hard to find. Key drive is the form of computer file backup. It is a removable drive that is small in size and can hold upto 2 gigabytes of data. Other forms of backup also include CD-Rs and DVD-Rs with memory of upto 800 megabytes and 7400 megabytes respectively. Files may be backed up by burning them onto the CD-Rs or DVD-Rs.

File Recovery is best solution to computer file backup and recovery. An online web based or PDF based update process is the best answer for computer data recovery. This allows the customer to stay updated continuously with the latest in recovery software. This feature allows customers whether companies or home computers to download the latest in software offered by the developers. With HDD File Recovery you wont have to create backups on DVD-Rs or external drives. Here the data is backed up on a single server which can recover the lost files on tape or disc. This is done through specialists consulting administrators who calculate the stipulated time of data loss and recover the lost data.

Computer file backup, when done online does require regular online backups. But not as many that are required by traditional methods of backup where weekly backups are necessary. These are done to refresh the backup data of the new data collected over a period whilst deleting old transaction logs. This method ensures consistency through routine backups to check for redundancy. Example of Computer file backup is an email archive system where emails that have been sent and received, drafts and saved emails are backed up. In order to ensure computer data backup there must be enough metadata for the administrator to retrieve the data.

Sometimes, a problem with your computer can be a small, but annoying thing. In this case, computer fan glitches come to mind. A computer fan is any fan inside a computer case. Their purpose is cooling. They might work by drawing cooler outside air into the case, or they may expel heated air from the inside. They might also blow air across a heat sink. Regardless, the cooling of the components of a computer is essential. Computers do not generate massive amounts of heat, but the increasingly rapid processing units do generate some, and unless cooling takes place, trouble will surely follow. A heat sink is an environment or object with a lower heat capacity than the surrounding area or adjacent component. Heat will be drawn from the targeted area into the heat sink by thermal transfer. This is the concept of Thermal Equilibrium. It is why a window pane will feel cold to the touch. What actually happens is that heat flows from your finger to the cooler glass. The fans inside the computer blow air over the heat sink to dissipate the heat. Fan problems can be divided into two groups. First, they cease to run, and second they can make excessive noise. The problems are related. A computer fan is just a normal simple fan that runs on bearings. When the bearing begins to go bad, or the fan gets out of alignment, it makes noise. When the bearings go bad, it stops running. There can be several fans inside the computer. There is one connected with the power supply, one cooling the inside of the case, and one specifically cooling the CPU. When the problem is noise, the first step is isolating the fan that has the problem. The only other mechanical component inside the case that might be making noise is the hard drive itself. This is, of course, a totally separate problem. So, it is important to determine that the source of the noise is a fan, and then determine exactly which one. One suggestion is to stick the end of a paper clip into the fan blades for a few seconds stopping the rotation. If the noise stops as well, you have your culprit. Normally, however, you can locate the problem with just your ears.
The fans can be oiled. WD-40 is not recommended here because it is designed to remove moisture, and that is not the problem. Any light weight oil is good. A popular choice is 3 in 1 oil, although many experts tend to prefer sewing machine oil. If the oil works, you still should be aware that most likely this is only a temporary fix. The noise was trying to tell you something about the condition of the fan, and silencing it did not address that condition. In the end, replacement of the fan is going to be the permanent solution. The fans seem like minor little mechanical asides in the vast overall picture of hard drives and micro processors, but cooling is essential. You should give serious attention to the proper operation of fans. The true fan problems are what happen to your computer when they do not work properly. Driz Memok is with ComputerRepairServiceBusinesses.com – providing information on computer repairs. Related Articles – computer, computing, pc, personal computer, fan, glitches, fix, repair, problem, Email this Article to a Friend!Receive Articles like this one direct to your email box!Subscribe for free today!

Computer Equipment Racks – What You Must Know Before Buying Them

Computers and computer accessories are very precious items, and they are also very sensitive. As such, they need to be stored under special conditions. For this purpose, many organizations have computer rack systems designed, built and installed to as a means of storing their computer equipment.A typical system is made up of shelves, PC cases, cabinets, server enclosures, keyboard trays, utility drawers, reducer rails, blanking/filler panels and cooling systems to name a few.Computer equipment racks come in a wide variety of configurations and designs. One feature of many of the rack systems in use in the financial, manufacturing, medical and other industries is the presence of an adjustable computer rack shelf which provides adaptable storage for specific equipment.In order to get a rack which is best suited for its needs, an organization needs to determine its needs, its existing capacity and the use to which its computer systems will be put to before going out to purchase a computer equipment rack system. Of course, the budget for the purchase must be considered, and future upgrades to the existing system taken into account as well.As adaptability becomes a way of life for many companies, the use of mobile pc racks has increased. Mobile computer racks can be deployed to enable an economical, strong and mobile solution for organizing the networking room of the establishment.A mobile rack employs an open computer rack shelf system which allows easy access of data and server equipment. They also have varying depths and use heavy duty chrome components that enable it to carry heavy loads of up to 800 pounds.An important aspect of rack system setup in an organization is the security of its computer equipment. There are several security system designs for computer equipment rack systems. These range from simple barrier security to more sophisticated, multi-layer security that extends from the access rooms to the racks themselves.Computer racks are made of solid materials such as stainless steel or chrome. The durability of these materials ensure that they have a long shelf life with great re-usable value. As such, many establishments who are on a tight budget opt to go for used computer racks because they work just as well as the new ones. However, security of computer systems must never be compromised for affordability and so when purchasing a used computer rack, it is essential to make sure security compromise is not an issue.